1. YES 2. NOT GIVEN 3. NO 4. YES 5. NOT GIVEN 6. NO 7. D (It is subdivided for study purposes) 8. C (It often involves long periods of fieldwork) 9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings) 10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects) 11. understanding of humankind 12. humanistic study 13. material does not tell
“The Nature and Aims of Archaeology: Unveiling the Secrets of Our Past. Delve into the fascinating world of archaeology as we explore its essence, objectives, and significance in uncovering the mysteries of ancient civilizations. Discover how this discipline combines science, history, and anthropology to reconstruct our collective heritage and gain insights into human evolution. Join us on a captivating journey through time.”
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subheading
1. YES
The writer states that archaeology is partly the exercise of the creative imagination, which implies that it involves creativity as well as careful investigative work.
2. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not mention anything about archaeologists translating texts from ancient languages.
3. NO
The writer mentions that movies portray archaeology as an exciting quest, but states that such portrayals are far from reality.
4. YES
The writer mentions that anthropologists use the term ‘culture’ in different ways, both in a broad sense to refer to humanity’s unique non-biological characteristics and in a more restricted sense to refer to the non-biological characteristics unique to a particular society.
5. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not make any comparison between anthropology and archaeology regarding their level of demand as fields of study.
6. NO
The writer states that conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, implying that the history of Europe has not been documented since then.
7. C (It often involves long periods of fieldwork)
In the last paragraph, the writer mentions that archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains and often live among contemporary communities for extended periods to learn how they use material culture.
8. D (It is subdivided for study purposes)
In the last paragraph, the writer states that anthropology is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings)
In the passage, it is mentioned that one of the tasks for archaeologists today is to interpret material culture in human terms and understand why certain dwellings have specific shapes.
10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects)
In the passage, it is mentioned that archaeologists study past societies through their material remains and learn how they make and use tools and weapons, among other things.
11. information
12. data
13. hypothesis
14. model
1. Introduction
1. YES – The writer states that archaeology is partly the exercise of creative imagination.
2. NOT GIVEN – The writer does not mention anything about translating texts from ancient languages.
3. NO – The writer states that portrayals of archaeology in movies are far from reality.
4. YES – The writer mentions that anthropologists define culture in different ways.
5. NOT GIVEN – The writer does not compare the demands of archaeology and anthropology.
6. NO – The writer states that conventional historical sources begin with written records around 3,000 BC, not the history of Europe specifically.
7. D – The writer mentions that anthropology is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
8. C – The writer mentions fieldwork in anthropology, specifically ethnography and ethnology.
9. C – The writer mentions deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings as a task of an archaeologist.
10. D – The writer mentions investigating the way different cultures make and use objects as a task of an archaeologist.
11. past material culture
12. hypothesis
13. data
14. natural world
2. Methodology
1. YES
2. NOT GIVEN
3. NO
4. YES
5. NOT GIVEN
6. NO
7. B (It is a continually growing field of study)
8. D (It is subdivided for study purposes)
9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings)
10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects)
11. past material culture
12. written history
13. objects the archaeologists discover
14. scientist
3. Results
1. YES
The writer states that archaeology involves the exercise of the creative imagination, which implies creativity in addition to careful investigative work.
2. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not mention anything about archaeologists needing to translate texts from ancient languages.
3. NO
The writer mentions that portrayals of archaeology in movies may not be realistic, indicating that movies do not give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists.
4. YES
The writer states that anthropologists define culture in different ways, supporting the claim that anthropologists define culture in more than one way.
5. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not compare the demands of studying archaeology and anthropology, so it is impossible to determine if archaeology is a more demanding field of study than anthropology based on the passage.
6. NO
The writer mentions that conventional historical sources begin with written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, implying that the history of Europe has not been documented since 3,000 BC.
7. B (It is a continually growing field of study)
This statement is not mentioned by the writer in the passage.
8. C (It often involves long periods of fieldwork)
This statement is mentioned by the writer when discussing ethnography and ethnology as branches of cultural anthropology.
9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings)
This task is mentioned by the writer when discussing how archaeologists interpret material culture and overlap with ethnography.
10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects)
This task is mentioned by the writer when discussing how archaeologists study past societies through their material remains and overlap with ethnoarchaeology.
11. understanding humankind
12. humanistic study
13. understanding of ourselves and our past
14. coherent view
4. Discussion
1. YES
The writer states that archaeology is partly the exercise of the creative imagination, indicating that creativity is involved in the field.
2. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not mention anything about archaeologists needing to translate texts from ancient languages.
3. NO
The writer mentions that portrayals of archaeology in movies are far from reality, indicating that they do not give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists.
4. YES
The writer states that anthropologists define culture in different ways, indicating that there are multiple definitions of culture within anthropology.
5. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not compare the demands of studying archaeology and anthropology, so it is impossible to say if one is more demanding than the other.
6. NO
The writer states that conventional historical sources begin with written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, indicating that the history of Europe has not been documented since this time period.
7. C (It often involves long periods of fieldwork)
This statement is mentioned in the passage: “Archaeology is partly…toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East.”
8. D (It is subdivided for study purposes)
This statement is mentioned in the passage: “Anthropology is thus a broad discipline – so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.”
9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings)
This task is mentioned in the passage: “Why are some dwellings round and others square?”
10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects)
This task is mentioned in the passage: “learning how such societies use material culture – how they make their tools and weapons.”
11. past material culture
12. written history
13. data
14. natural world
5. Conclusion
1. YES: The writer states that archaeology is both the discovery of treasures and the exercise of creative imagination.
2. NOT GIVEN: The writer does not mention anything about translating texts from ancient languages.
3. NO: The writer mentions that portrayals of archaeology in movies are far from reality.
4. YES: The writer states that anthropologists define culture in different ways.
5. NOT GIVEN: The writer does not compare the demands of archaeology and anthropology.
6. NO: The writer states that conventional historical sources only begin with written records around 3,000 BC, not specifically Europe’s history.
7. B, D: The writer mentions that anthropology is a continually growing field of study and it is subdivided for study purposes.
8. C, D: The writer mentions that archaeologists deduce reasons for the shape of domestic buildings and investigate the way different cultures make and use objects.
11. understanding
12. scientist
13. data
14. natural world
6. References
1. YES
The writer states that archaeology is partly the exercise of the creative imagination, indicating that creativity is involved in the field.
2. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not mention anything about archaeologists needing to translate texts from ancient languages.
3. NO
The writer states that portrayals of archaeology in movies are far from reality, indicating that they do not give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists.
4. YES
The writer mentions that anthropologists define culture in different ways, indicating that there is more than one definition of culture.
5. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not compare the demands of studying archaeology and anthropology, so it is impossible to say if one is more demanding than the other.
6. NO
The writer states that conventional historical sources begin with written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, indicating that the history of Europe has not been documented since 3,000 BC.
7. D (It is subdivided for study purposes.)
In the passage, it is mentioned that anthropology is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
8. B (It is a continually growing field of study.)
There is no specific mention of government planners or human evolutionary patterns in relation to anthropology.
9. C (deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings)
In the passage, it is mentioned that archaeologists investigate why some dwellings are round and others square.
10. D (investigating the way different cultures make and use objects)
In the passage, it is mentioned that archaeologists study how societies use material culture – how they make their tools and weapons.
11. understanding humankind
12. historical discipline
13. archaeological data
14. coherent view
1. YES
The writer states that archaeology is a combination of discovery, scientific analysis, and creative imagination.
2. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not mention anything about archaeologists needing to translate texts from ancient languages.
3. NO
The writer mentions that movies portray archaeology as an exciting quest, but also notes that such portrayals may be far from reality.
4. YES
The writer explains that anthropology encompasses the study of humanity and culture, and defines culture in different ways.
5. NOT GIVEN
The writer does not compare the demands of archaeology and anthropology.
6. NO
The writer states that conventional historical sources begin around 3,000 BC in western Asia, not Europe.
7-8. B, D (in either order)
B: The writer mentions that anthropology is a broad discipline that is broken down into smaller disciplines.
D: The writer explains that archaeologists study past societies through their material remains and learn how societies use material culture.
9-10. C, D (in either order)
C: The writer mentions the task of deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings.
D: The writer mentions the task of investigating the way different cultures make and use objects.
11. written records
12. oral histories
13. hypothesis
14. natural world
In conclusion, archaeology is a multidisciplinary field that aims to understand and interpret the past through the study of material remains. Its goals include reconstructing ancient societies, exploring human cultural evolution, and preserving our collective heritage. By examining artifacts, architecture, and landscapes, archaeologists provide valuable insights into our history and contribute to our understanding of the world we live in today.
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