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Solution for: Delivering The Goods Reading Answers
Paragraph 1: A suggestion for improving trade in the future – Paragraph I suggests that bringing down barriers such as state ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates, and cargo-handling monopolies would help improve international trade.
You see: Revolutionizing Global Trade: Delivering the Goods with Efficiency | Reading Answers
Paragraph 2: The effects of the introduction of electronic delivery – This information is not mentioned in the passage, so the answer is NOT GIVEN.
Paragraph 3: The similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier – Paragraph E mentions that computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. This implies that there is a similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier.
Paragraph 4: The weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery – Paragraph D explains how technological advances have led to manufactured goods becoming lighter and less bulky, resulting in less transportation required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports. This indicates a weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery.
Statement 5: International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy – TRUE. The passage states that while the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that.
Statement 6: Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions – FALSE. The passage mentions that cheap labor may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages. This implies that cheap labor alone does not guarantee effective trade conditions.
Statement 7: Japan imports more meat and steel than France – NOT GIVEN. There is no information given about which country imports more meat and steel.
Statement 8: Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations – TRUE. The passage mentions that countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbors.
Statement 9: Small computer components are manufactured in Germany – NOT GIVEN. There is no information given about where small computer components are manufactured.
Paragraph 10: Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on trade – Paragraph G discusses how technological innovations known as containerization and intermodal transportation have led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling, which has had a significant effect on trade.
Paragraph 11: Manufacturers of computers are able to import components from overseas – Paragraph B mentions that computer manufacturers can import disk drives from Singapore rather than relying on a local supplier.
Paragraph 12: The introduction of container ships has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances – Paragraph C explains how the invention of the container crane and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed for efficient loading, unloading, and transportation of containers.
Paragraph 13: There is still a need for governments to reduce tariffs in order to free up the domestic cargo sector – Paragraph A suggests that reducing barriers such as tariffs would help free up the domestic cargo sector.
1. Paragraph I – a suggestion for improving trade in the future
In paragraph I, the author suggests that bringing down barriers such as state ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates, and cargo-handling monopolies would help improve international trade in the future. These barriers currently keep shipping costs unnecessarily high and hinder the growth of economies worldwide. By reducing these barriers, countries can facilitate smoother trade and closer economic integration.
The author highlights the need for deregulation and increased competition in the transportation industry to drive productivity improvements and lower shipping costs. This would allow businesses to have more options when it comes to choosing transportation methods and suppliers, ultimately benefiting both importers and exporters.
Furthermore, by adopting international standards and promoting efficient cargo-handling methods like containerization, countries can further streamline the movement of goods across borders. This would reduce delays, damages, and thefts during shipment, making international trade more efficient and cost-effective.
Overall, paragraph I emphasizes the importance of addressing regulatory barriers in order to improve trade conditions in the future. By implementing measures that promote competition, efficiency, and standardization, countries can create an environment conducive to seamless global trade.
2. Paragraph F – the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
2. Paragraph F – the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
In paragraph F, the passage discusses the impact of technological advancements on the delivery of goods. It specifically mentions the introduction of electronic delivery and how it has influenced trade. With the rise of information industries, products such as films, compact discs, and computer software can be easily transported without significant shipping costs. The passage highlights that these types of goods are lightweight and can be transmitted over telephone lines or delivered by airplane. As a result, freight rates and cargo-handling schedules have become less significant in determining where to produce these products. This shift towards electronic delivery has allowed businesses to consider other factors, such as labor availability, when deciding on production locations.
Overall, paragraph F emphasizes how technological innovations in electronic delivery have reduced transportation costs and made international trade more efficient for certain types of goods.
3. Paragraph E – the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier
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3. Paragraph E – the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier
In paragraph E, the author discusses how technological advances have led to a shift in the types of goods being traded internationally. In the past, trade was dominated by heavy and bulky raw materials or processed commodities, which incurred high transportation costs. However, as manufacturing processes have become more advanced, finished manufactured products now dominate international trade. These products are often lighter and less bulky thanks to technological innovations such as lightweight components.
As a result, the cost of transporting goods has become more similar whether they are imported from abroad or purchased from a local supplier. For example, the author mentions that computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas would not face significantly higher freight bills if they imported disk drives from Singapore instead of purchasing them domestically. This equalization of transportation costs has made it easier for businesses to consider global markets and expand their trade beyond national borders.
Overall, paragraph E highlights how advancements in technology and changes in the types of goods being traded have led to a reduction in transportation costs for international trade. This has made it more feasible for businesses to engage in global commerce and has contributed to the growth of international trade.
4. Paragraph D – the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery
4. Paragraph D – the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery
In paragraph D, the author discusses how the nature of international trade has shifted from heavy and bulky raw materials to lighter and less bulky finished manufactured products. This shift has resulted in a weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery. The author explains that as technological advances have made manufactured goods lighter, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports. This means that businesses can now import or export valuable goods without incurring significantly higher freight costs. The example given is the disk-drive industry, where manufacturers in Japan or Texas can import drives from Singapore without facing much higher freight bills compared to purchasing them domestically.
Overall, paragraph D highlights how advancements in technology and changes in the nature of traded goods have led to a decrease in transportation costs relative to the value of goods being transported. This has contributed to the growth of international trade by making it more economically feasible for businesses to engage in global commerce.
5. TRUE – International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
5. TRUE – International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
The passage states that while the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. This means that international trade is indeed increasing at a greater rate than the world economy. The growth in international trade can be attributed to factors such as the decline in trade barriers and the economic opening of countries that were traditionally minor players in global trade.
6. FALSE – Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.
The passage does not mention anything about cheap labor guaranteeing effective trade conditions. It does mention that cheap labor may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but it also highlights the importance of efficient shipping and delivery processes for successful international trade.
7. NOT GIVEN – Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
The passage does not provide any information about which country imports more meat and steel between Japan and France. Therefore, it is not possible to determine whether this statement is true or false based on the given information.
8. TRUE – Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
The passage mentions that countries still tend to trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. This suggests that most countries prefer to engage in trade with nearby nations rather than distant ones. Therefore, this statement is true based on the information provided.
9. NOT GIVEN – Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
The passage does not provide any information about where small computer components are manufactured specifically. Therefore, it is not possible to determine whether this statement is true or false based on the given information.
6. FALSE – Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.
This statement is false according to the information provided in the passage. While cheap labor may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, it is not the sole factor that guarantees effective trade conditions. Other factors such as the cost of shipping and transportation also play a significant role in determining the success of international trade. If delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause products to arrive late, trade may lose its advantages. Therefore, it is not just cheap labor that determines effective trade conditions, but also efficient logistics and transportation systems.
The passage mentions that one force behind the import-export boom is the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. The decline in trade barriers and economic opening of countries are also contributing factors. However, it emphasizes that shipping costs do matter in the real world of trade. While theoretically goods are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place, there are frictions such as delays in shipment that can impact trade.
Therefore, it is important for businesses to consider not only cheap labor but also other factors such as transportation costs and efficiency when making decisions about international trade.
7. NOT GIVEN – Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
7. NOT GIVEN – Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
In the given passage, there is no specific information provided about the amount of meat and steel that Japan imports compared to France. The passage focuses on the general trends in international trade and the factors that have contributed to its growth, such as declining trade barriers and advancements in transportation technology. It discusses how goods have become lighter and less bulky, making transportation more efficient and cost-effective. However, there is no mention of specific import quantities for different countries or products. Therefore, it is not possible to determine whether Japan imports more meat and steel than France based on the information given in the passage.
8. TRUE – Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
Paragraph: The passage mentions that countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. This means that most countries prefer to trade with nearby nations rather than distant ones. The reason for this is that in the past, when agriculture and manufacturing were the dominant sectors, heavy and bulky raw materials or processed commodities were traded, making transportation costs relatively high. However, as the world output shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight, such as finished manufactured products, less transportation is now required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports. This has made it easier for countries to engage in international trade with nations that are farther away geographically.
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Furthermore, technological advances like containerization and intermodal transportation have led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient business, allowing for the movement of thousands of boxes at a time. These advancements have made it easier and more cost-effective for countries to trade with distant nations, reducing the preference for trading only with nearby neighbors.
In conclusion, while there is still a preference for trading with nearby nations due to historical reasons and proximity advantages, the advancements in technology and transportation have made it increasingly feasible and efficient for countries to engage in international trade with nations that are farther away geographically.
9. NOT GIVEN – Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
9. NOT GIVEN – Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
In the given passage, there is no specific information about small computer components being manufactured in Germany. The passage mainly focuses on the impact of modern cargo-handling methods on international trade and the cost of delivering goods. It discusses how technological advancements have made it easier and cheaper to transport goods globally, leading to a significant increase in international trade. However, there is no mention of Germany specifically manufacturing small computer components. Therefore, the statement “Small computer components are manufactured in Germany” cannot be determined from the given information.
10. G – modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on trade
10. G – modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on trade
The introduction of modern cargo-handling methods, such as containerization and intermodal transportation, has had a significant effect on international trade. These technological innovations have led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling, making the process of exporting and importing goods more efficient.
Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved multiple stages of handling, which increased the risk of damage or theft during transportation. However, the invention of the container crane and the adoption of standard container sizes revolutionized ocean shipping. Containers could now be loaded and unloaded without capsizing the ship, and almost any box could be transported on any ship. This transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient and competitive business.
While ocean shipping became efficient, getting the cargo to and from the dock remained a challenge. National governments regulated truck and railroad tariffs more strictly than charges for ocean freight. However, with deregulation in the transportation industry, starting in the mid-1970s in America, airlines, road hauliers, and railways were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it, and what price they could charge. This resulted in big productivity gains for these industries.
Despite these advancements in cargo-handling efficiency, there is still room for improvement. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates, and toleration of anti-competitive practices all contribute to unnecessarily high shipping costs that deter international trade. Reducing these barriers would help further boost global economies by facilitating easier movement of goods.
In conclusion, modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on trade by improving efficiency in exporting and importing goods. However, there is still a need for governments to address barriers that keep shipping costs high in order to promote international trade growth.
11. B – manufacturers of computers are able to import components from overseas
11. B – manufacturers of computers are able to import components from overseas
In the passage, it is mentioned that most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in Southeast Asia. This is possible because disk drives are small and light, making them cost-effective to ship. The same principle applies to computer components used in the manufacturing of computers. As computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas can import disk drives from Singapore without facing significantly higher freight bills, they also have the ability to import other components from overseas rather than relying solely on local suppliers.
This has led to increased efficiency and flexibility for computer manufacturers. They can now source components from different parts of the world based on factors such as availability and cost-effectiveness. The introduction of containerization and intermodal transportation methods has further facilitated this process by allowing bulk cargo, including computer components, to be safely and efficiently transported over long distances.
Overall, the modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on international trade, particularly in industries such as computer manufacturing. Manufacturers are now able to import components from overseas, expanding their options and potentially reducing costs.
12. C – the introduction of container ships has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances
12. C – the introduction of container ships has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances
The introduction of container ships revolutionized the shipping industry by allowing bulk cargo to be transported safely and efficiently over long distances. Prior to the invention of containerization, the process of exporting or importing involved multiple stages of handling, which increased the risk of damage or theft during transportation. However, with the adoption of standard container sizes and the invention of container cranes, loading and unloading containers became much easier and more secure.
Container ships played a crucial role in transforming ocean shipping into a highly efficient and competitive business. They allowed for the transportation of thousands of containers at a time, significantly reducing costs and increasing productivity. The standardized containers also made it possible for any box to be transported on any ship, eliminating the need for specialized vessels.
The introduction of container ships had a profound impact on international trade. It made it easier for manufacturers to import components from overseas, as they no longer had to rely solely on local suppliers. This increased competition and expanded options for businesses in terms of sourcing materials or finished products.
In summary, the introduction of container ships has greatly improved the efficiency and safety of transporting bulk cargo over long distances. It has facilitated international trade by providing businesses with more options for sourcing materials or finished products. However, there is still a need for governments to reduce tariffs and other barriers in order to further enhance the efficiency of domestic cargo sectors.
13. A – there is still a need for governments to reduce tariffs in order to free up the domestic cargo sector
13. A – there is still a need for governments to reduce tariffs in order to free up the domestic cargo sector
The passage discusses how the introduction of containerization and intermodal transportation has led to efficiency improvements in cargo-handling. However, while international shipping has become more efficient, there is still room for improvement in the domestic cargo sector. One barrier that needs to be addressed is the issue of tariffs imposed by governments. Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed on imported goods, which can increase the cost of shipping and hinder international trade.
Reducing tariffs would have several benefits for the domestic cargo sector. Firstly, it would lower the cost of importing goods, making them more affordable for businesses and consumers. This would stimulate demand and encourage more trade between countries. Secondly, reducing tariffs would promote competition among domestic cargo carriers. Currently, some countries tolerate anti-competitive practices such as cargo-handling monopolies, which keep shipping costs unnecessarily high. By reducing tariffs and promoting competition, governments can create a more level playing field for domestic cargo carriers, leading to improved efficiency and lower costs.
Furthermore, reducing tariffs would also benefit exporters by making their products more competitive in foreign markets. When tariffs are high, it becomes more expensive for exporters to ship their goods abroad, putting them at a disadvantage compared to local suppliers in foreign markets. By reducing tariffs, governments can help exporters access new markets and expand their business internationally.
In conclusion, while modern cargo-handling methods have streamlined international shipping, there is still a need for governments to reduce tariffs in order to free up the domestic cargo sector. Reducing tariffs would lower costs for importers and exporters, promote competition among domestic carriers, and stimulate international trade growth. It is essential for governments to recognize the importance of reducing barriers like tariffs to support economic growth and facilitate global trade.
In conclusion, delivering the goods reading answers offers valuable insights into effective strategies for successful delivery operations. By understanding customer preferences, optimizing logistics networks, and leveraging technology, businesses can enhance efficiency and customer satisfaction. With continuous improvement and adaptation to evolving market demands, companies can thrive in today’s competitive landscape.
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